Physical fitness assessment and management of patients with diabetes mellitus / 中华全科医师杂志

Physical fitness is the basic ability necessary to meet daily living activities,including walking, running, jumping, throwing, climbing, and so on. Adequate physical fitness is essential for the prevention and management of metabolic diseases. Impaired physical fitness is common in patients with diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications. This article reviews the impact of diabetes and its complications on physical fitness, current methods for assessment and management to provide a reference for comprehensive prevention and treatment of diabetic patients.

Incidence, characteristics and long-term outcomes of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis: a prospective prognosis cohort study in an emergency department

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Diabetic ketoacidosis is the most frequent hyperglycemic complication in the evolution of diabetes mellitus. Common precipitating factors include newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, noncompliance with therapy and infections. However, few studies have been conducted in Brazil and none were prospective in design. OBJECTIVE: To describe the incidence, clinical and laboratory characteristics and precipitating factors of diabetic ketoacidosis among emergency department patients in a tertiary-level teaching hospital in Brazil. We also aimed to identify immediate and long-term mortality within two years. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective prognosis cohort study conduct at a tertiary-level teaching hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: All patients > 12 years old presenting diabetic ketoacidosis who were admitted to the emergency department from June 2015 to May 2016 were invited to participate. RESULTS: The incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis per 1,000 admissions was 8.7. Treatment noncompliance and infection were the most common causes of diabetic ketoacidosis. The immediate mortality rate was 5.8%, while the six-month, one-year and two-year mortality rates were 9.6%, 13.5% and 19.2%, respectively. Death occurring within two years was associated with age, type 2 diabetes, hypoalbuminemia, infection at presentation and higher sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score at admission. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic ketoacidosis among patients presenting to the emergency department was relatively frequent in our hospital. Treatment noncompliance and infection were major precipitating factors and presence of diabetic ketoacidosis was associated with immediate and long-term risk of death.

Características clínico epidemiológicas de las complicaciones agudas de la diabetes en el servicio de urgencias del Hospital General de Atizapán / Clinical-epidemiological features of diabetes acute complications in the emergency ward at Atizapan General Hospital

Antecedentes: La epidemia de la diabetes mellitus es reconocida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) como una creciente amenaza mundial. Se calcula que en el mundo existen más de 180 millones de personas con diabetes y es probable que esta cifra aumente a más del doble para 2030. En México la diabetes ocupa el primer lugar en número de defunciones por encima de otros padecimientos crónicos, enfermedades infectocontagiosas o accidentes. Las complicaciones agudas de diabetes representan casi el 30% de las hospitalizaciones en la sala de urgencias y de ellos hasta el 10% de la mortalidad en dicho servicio. Objetivo: Identificar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes ingresados por complicaciones agudas de la diabetes mellitus al servicio de urgencias del Hospital General de Atizapán, un suburbio de la ciudad de México. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, transversal, descriptivo y observacional. El universo estuvo conformado por 1417 pacientes diabéticos que ingresaron al servicio de urgencias del Hospital General de Atizapán del 1 de julio de 2010 al 31 de junio del 2011. Resultados: Cien pacientes (7% del total) ingresaron con diagnóstico de complicaciones agudas de diabetes. La más frecuente fue la hipoglucemia, que se observó en 48% de los pacientes. En menor cantidad, 33% con cetoacidosis diabética, 17% con estado hiperosmolar y 2% con acidosis láctica. Presentando principalmente manifestaciones neurológicas y digestivas, la mayoría de ellos provenientes de nivel socioeconómico bajo. Conclusiones: La identificación oportuna de las características clínicas de las complicaciones agudas de la diabetes nos permite brindar atención rápida y eficaz, con lo que se evita mayor gravedad. Los factores sociales, culturales o educacionales pueden favorecer su aparición por lo que la educación para la salud será esencial en materia de prevención.

Background: The epidemic of diabetes mellitus is recognized by the World Health Organization as an increasing world menace. It has been estimated that there are more than 180 million diabetic patients in the world. This amount can double by the year 2030. In Mexico, diabetes is the first cause of mortality over other problems such as chronic or infectious diseases or accidents. Acute complications of diabetes account for almost 30% of the hospitalized patients in the emergency room, from which the mortality rate reaches 10%. Objective: To identify clinical and epidemiological features of the patients presenting acute complications of diabetes mellitus admitted to the emergency ward at Atizapan General Hospital, a suburb of Mexico City. Material and Methods: Prospective, transversal, descriptive, observational study with 1417 diabetic patients admitted to the emergency ward at Atizapan General Hospital from July the first, 2010 until June 31, 2011. Results: A hundred patients (7%) were admitted with a diagnosis of acute complications of diabetes. Hypoglycemia (48%) was the most frequent complication followed by diabetic ketoacidosis (33%), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (17%) and finally lactic acidosis (2%). Neurological and digestive were the main symptoms and most patients came from low socioeconomic level. Conclusions: Timely identification of the clinical manifestations of acute complications of diabetes allows better and faster attention avoiding severe complications. Social, economic and cultural and/or educational factors may foster complications; therefore, health education is essential to prevent such conditions.

A Study on the Circadian Blood Pressure Rhythm of Diabetic Patients / 간호학회지

This study was performed to investigate the relationship between reversed circadian blood pressure and risk factors of peripheral vascular disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) subjects. The subjects in this study were 18 NIDDM patients who were hospitalized in a medical unit of an university medical center located in Incheon, Korea, between November, 1998 and March, 1999. Blood pressure was measured with a mercury sphygmomanometer by 2 trained examiners every 2 hours during 24 hours. NIDDM subjects were divided into a dipper group and non-dipper group. Dippers are defined as those who show a mean nighttime blood pressure(BP) drop of more than 10% compared with daytime BP. Non-dippers are defined as those who show a mean nighttime BP drop of less than 10%, or an elevation in BP compared with daytime BP. Daytime BP included values obtained between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. Night time BP included values obtained between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. Data was analyzed by SPSS/PC package. Chi-square( 2) test was used for the comparison of sex between The dipper group and non-dipper group. Mann-Whitney test was used for comparisons of values of the risk factors of peripheral vascular disease and the frequency of complications of diabetes between the dipper group and non-dipper group. The results are as follows. There were no significant differences in daytime systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures between the dipper group and non-dipper group. However, night time systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures in the non-dipper group were significantly nigher than those in the dipper group (p=.021). There were no differences in sex, age, body, weight, duration of diabetes, serum lipid levels, BUN and HbA1c between the two groups. On the contrary, 87.5% of non-dipper group subjects showed having hypertension, 30% of dipper group subjects showed having hypertension and this difference was statistically significant (p=.018). All of the non-dipper group subjects (N=8) showed having at least one diabetic complication. However, 40% of the dipper group subjects (N=10) showed having no diabetic complication at all and this difference was also statistically significant (p=.049). There were no significant differences in frequency of nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy between the dipper group and non-dipper group.